Electroactive phases of poly(vinylidene fluoride): Determination,processing and applications

Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, and its copolymers are the family of polymers with the highest dielectric constant and electroactive response, including piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric effects. The electroactive properties are increasingly important in a wide range of applications such as in biomedicine, energy generation and storage, monitoring and control, and include the development of sensors and actuators, separator and filtration membranes and smart scaffolds, among others. For many of these applications the polymer should be in one of its electroactive phases. This review presents the developments and summarizes the main characteristics of the electroactive phases of PVDF and copolymers, indicates the different processing strategies as well as the way in which the phase content is identified and quantified. Additionally, recent advances in the development of electroactive composites allowing novel effects, such as magnetoelectric responses, and opening new applications areas are presented. Finally, some of the more interesting potential applications and processing challenges are discussed.     

Evaluation of FRP/wood adhesively bonded epoxy joints on environmental exposures

This article describes the evaluation of the durability of joints composed of wood adherends with a bonded layer of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) fabric. Carbon and glass fibres in an epoxy matrix were studied. The main purpose of FRP usage with timber in the construction industry is generally to improve the stiffness/strength of reinforced members without any influence on their service-life or any environmental impact. From the perspective of the timber reinforcement process, optimal dimensional stability during moisture changes in wood should be one of the most important criteria for such joints. Therefore, FRP/wood joints were evaluated with regard to the influence of real external environmental conditions on the bondline over a period of 40?months. During exposure to these conditions, specimen failures and defects were continuously visually evaluated. The decisive factor in this evaluation was bond integrity, verified by the tensile shear strength of the FRP/wood joint. After the experimental study, it was noted that the first 20?months have a significant effect on bondline failure occurrences, which involve decreases in tensile shear strength. In the next 20?months, the FRP/wood bondlines resist other severe hygrothermal stresses without significant strength decreases. An additional observed parameter was the percentage of wood failure in the bonded area of single lap joints, which characterises the mode of failure of the bonded joint. To determine the influence of ageing on adhesive due to ultraviolet radiation and varying temperature, infrared absorption spectroscopy analysis was performed to reveal changes in the macromolecular structure of the epoxy adhesive. Findings showed that UV radiation had a significant influence on the degradation of the adhesive structure.     

高分子材料在红外隐身中的应用研究

高分子材料在红外隐身材料中占有十分重要的地位。文章首先从斯特潘——玻尔兹曼定律出发,阐述了红外隐身技术的基本原理。然后按照高分子材料在红外隐身涂料中扮演角色的不同,分类介绍了红外隐身材料的国内外研究现状。最后分析了各类隐身材料的优缺点,对未来隐身材料的发展做出展望。     

国产HW2000型高频红外碳硫仪分析精度探讨

对国产HW2000型高频红外碳硫仪的分析精度进行了测定,并与进口EMIA-620型高频红外碳硫仪进行了比较,结果表明,HW2000型红外仪的检出限低(0.000 03％).对3种标准样品的分析,HW2000型红外仪分析的碳的RSD为0.000 59％～ 1.630 25％,硫的RSD为0.012 67％ ～ 0.513 20％:而EMIA-620型分析的碳的RSD为0.206 64％～ 1.724 17％,硫的RSD为0.025 30％～0.939 15％.而且HW2000型红外仪有较好的分析线性.     

龙滩水电站18 kV离相封闭母线红外测温元件故障分析与处理

∶文章主要介绍了红外测温探头的工作原理、特点、应用等，重点阐述了龙滩水电站红外测温探头反复故障的特征，并通过综合分析判断故障原因，有针对性地提出改进方法。现场改造过程中考虑到工作量、经济投入和有效性，采取了分步实施方法来逐步消除处理红外测温探头的缺陷。     

基于反射波的剩余静校正技术在姬塬非纵资料处理中的应用

姬塬地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地中南部黄土塬区,地形起伏较大,低降速带厚度速度变化大,因此剩余静校正的好坏直接决定着剖面的成像精度。而非纵资料又因其缺少近偏移距信息,常规的剩余静校正方法有时会出现错位问题,本文利用CGG处理系统下新研发的基于反射波的剩余静校正模块,从原理出发,通过对实际资料的处理,分析成像效果,总结出适合于该工区的技术方法,提高成像精度。     

Standardization of milk infrared spectra for the retroactive application of calibration models

The objective of this study was to standardize the infrared spectra obtained over time and across 2 milk laboratories of Canada to create a uniform historical database and allow (1) the retroactive application of calibration models for prediction of fine milk composition; and (2) the direct use of spectral information for the development of indicators of animal health and efficiency. Spectral variation across laboratories and over time was inspected by principal components analysis (PCA). Shifts in the PCA scores were detected over time, leading to the definition of different subsets of spectra having homogeneous infrared signal. To evaluate the possibility of using common equations on spectra collected by the 2 instruments and over time, we developed a standardization (STD) method. For each subset of data having homogeneous infrared signal, a total of 99 spectra corresponding to the percentiles of the distribution of the absorbance at each wavenumber were created and used to build the STD matrices. Equations predicting contents of saturated fatty acids, short-chain fatty acids, and C18:0 were created and applied on different subsets of spectra, before and after STD. After STD, bias and root mean squared error of prediction decreased by 66% and 32%, respectively. When calibration equations were applied to the historical nonstandardized database of spectra, shifts in the predictions could be observed over time for all investigated traits. Shifts in the distribution of the predictions over time corresponded to the shifts identified by the inspection of the PCA scores. After STD, shifts in the predicted fatty acid contents were greatly reduced. Standardization reduced spectral variability between instruments and over time, allowing the merging of milk spectra data from different instruments into a common database, the retroactive use of calibrations equations, or the direct use of the spectral data without restrictions.     

An immuno-wall microdevice exhibits rapid and sensitive detection of IDH1-R132H mutation specific to grade II and III gliomas

World Health Organization grade II and III gliomas most frequently occur in the central nervous system (CNS) in adults. Gliomas are not circumscribed; tumor edges are irregular and consist of tumor cells, normal brain tissue, and hyperplastic reactive glial cells. Therefore, the tumors are not fully resectable, resulting in recurrence, malignant progression, and eventual death. Approximately 69–80% of grade II and III gliomas harbor mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 gene (IDH1), of which 83–90% are found to be the IDH1-R132H mutation. Detection of the IDH1-R132H mutation should help in the differential diagnosis of grade II and III gliomas from other types of CNS tumors and help determine the boundary between the tumor and normal brain tissue. In this study, we established a highly sensitive antibody-based device, referred to as the immuno-wall, to detect the IDH1-R132H mutation in gliomas. The immuno-wall causes an immunoreaction in microchannels fabricated using a photo-polymerizing polymer. This microdevice enables the analysis of the IDH1 status with a small sample within 15 min with substantially high sensitivity. Our results suggested that 10% content of the IDH1-R132H mutation in a sample of 0.33 μl volume, with 500 ng protein, or from 500 cells is theoretically sufficient for the analysis. The immuno-wall device will enable the rapid and highly sensitive detection of the IDH1-R132H mutation in routine clinical practice.